The first form of behavior that is categorized as a modal action pattern (MAP) (also referred to as a fixed action pattern), which is an elicited series of related acts triggered by a specific event (termed a releaser) found in all, or nearly all, members of a species, and has a strong genetic component. The releaser, also sometimes referred to as the sign stimulus, is what causes the MAP to be completed. Examples of MAPs include a cat hissing and arching its back when threatened, or an opossum “playing dead” to avoid being attacked. The second form of behavior is a general behavior trait which refers to organisms’ tendencies to behave or engage in certain kinds of behaviors. A person’s temperament (e.g., shy, outgoing, aggressive, or impulsive, etc.) is an example of a general behavioral trait. Third, there are reflexes that have resulted from natural selection. It is important to note that although categorized as a form of behavior, a reflex itself is not a behavior; rather it is the relation between a specific event or stimuli and a particular behavior. For example, exposure to an allergen in the environment (e.g., dust, pollen, molds, etc.) has caused you to sneeze. The reflex is not the sneeze itself but is the relation between the allergen (the stimuli) and the act of sneezing (the behavior) to clear out the allergen from your nose.To prepare for this Assignment: Review again Chapter 1 in your course text.For an enhanced understanding of these concepts, you are encouraged to also explore the Optional Learning Resources for this week, as well search for additional examples online.Research online additional examples of animal behavior that fit the category of a modal action pattern (MAP) and consider the limitations of the current environment and/or how the environment could interfere with the process of natural selection. Here is an example-You can NOT choose this example for your assignment: In the natural environment, the courtship behavior among betta fish is a MAP. A male betta releases a “bubble nest” to attract a female betta. After mating, the female releases her eggs and the male collects the eggs in his mouth and deposits the eggs into the bubble nest which he then closely guards from predators (other fish). One example of how the current environment could interfere with the process of natural selection is that when kept in captivity as pets, male bettas typically live in solitary confinement in a fishbowl because they are known to fight and kill other fish. As such, a male betta in captivity will still release a bubble nest, but without a female betta to mate with he will not produce any offspring, whereas male bettas not in captivity will produce offspring. Think of human behaviors that are reflexes as well as other behaviors that general behavior traits. Consider how changes in the person’s environment can affect or permanently change reflexes and general behavior traits. The Assignment (1–2 pages): Complete the following: 1. Provide one example from your online research of a modal action pattern (MAP) for a nonhuman animal species that is not in the Learning Resources assigned for this week. Next, Describe the aspects of the behavior that make it an example of a MAP, and discuss the innate releasing mechanism, or sign stimulus that causes the behavior to run to completion.For your MAP example, explain one possible limitation of the current environment and/or how the environment could interfere with the process of natural selection applied to your example.2. Select a human reflex and describe the relation between a specific event or stimuli and a particular behavior that makes it a reflex. Explain how changes in the person’s environment can affect or change the reflex provide an example. 3. Select a general behavior trait. Explain how changes in the person’s environment can affect or change the general behavior trait and provide an example.
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