John Ikenberry argues that US leadership of the international order may no longer be possible or even necessary research questions: 1. What evidence of new world orderAmerica and its allies withdrawal from Afghanistan. Russia sensing a power vacuum and seeing how far it can go in Ukraine. how is interpreted to Russia and china??? 2. Is the old rules-based order coming to an end?The rise of populism, along with modern communications, is testing it as never before. 3. Is this a temporary or permanent phenomenon?The global pandemic, climate change, and the Russian aggression in Ukraine have all shown the need for countries to work together so hopefully, new associations of countries will arise. 4. How does power manifest itself in the new world order?The new world order is often about countries asserting their economic rather than military might in the way that China is now. Russia recognises its control of so much of the world’s energy supplies is as important as its military might. 5. what consequences of the US losing its leadership of international order on world stability? some resources to look at:- A world Safe for Democracy (Liberal Internationalism and the crises of global order)”John Ikenberry”- The End of American World Order. “Amitav Acharya”