The essay question is in reference to this text: Ford, R. and Jennings, W., 2020. The changing cleavage politics of Western Europe. Annual Review of Political Science, 23, pp.295-314. ^This source HAS to be included in the essay. Please answer with respect to two or more countries – three or more if one of your countries is the UK. I will insert all the readings/sources suggested by the module convener, and the writer may use whatever they deem fit, if the writer chooses to use other sources and not include the suggested sources that is fine but they need to be accessible online. Readings:1. Change in European Societies since the 1970s in West European Politics Article by Colin Crouch 01/2008 2. Bornschier, S., 2010. The new cultural divide and the two-dimensional political space in Western Europe. West European Politics, 33(3), pp.419-444. 3. Crouch, Colin. “Change in European Societies since the 1970s.” West European Politics 31.1-2(2008): 14-39. 4. Emanuele, V., Marino, B., & Angelucci, D. (2020). The congealing of a new cleavage? The evolution of the demarcation bloc in Europe (1979–2019). Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana Di Scienza Politica, 50(3), 314-333. doi:10.1017/ipo.2020.19 5. Kitschelt, H., 1995. Formation of party cleavages in post-communist democracies: Theoretical propositions. Party politics, 1(4), pp.447-472. 6. Lipset, S.M. and Rokkan, S. eds., 1967. Party systems and voter alignments: Cross-national perspectives (Vol. 7). Free press.
